ಪೂರ್ವಮೀಮಾಂಸಾ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೋತ್ತರರೂಪದ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ನಕಲು

1. What is pUrva mImAmsA (PM)?

"pUrva" means "antecedent", and "mImAmsA" means examination. So "pUrva

mImAmsA" means "Examination of the antecedent (portions of the Veda)".

The Veda consists of four parts: saMhita, brAhmaNa, AraNyaka,

upanishhad. PM studies the first three parts which are commonly known

as "karma kANDa". The last part, the upanishhad, is known as "GYAna

kANDa", and is studied as "uttara mImAmsA" or VedAnta.

2. What is the fundamental enquiry of PM?

Questions such as: 'Is there a right or wrong way to act?', 'What are

the means of knowing right action from wrong action?', 'What is good

and evil?', etc. are studied by a branch of philosophy called 'Ethics'.

PM can be best construed of as "Vedic Ethics". Thus PM is essentially

an enquiry into the nature of dharma (Duty/Morality/Virtue), and

answers ethical and moral questions from the Vedic viewpoint.

3. Why study PM?

There are at least two motivating factors to the study of PM on this

list:

(1) The chief pUrvapaksha (objection) to Shankaran VedAnta is PM. It is reasonable that without understanding the pUrvapaksha, it would be

impossible to properly understand the siddhAnta (conclusion).

(2) Non-sannyAsins are not really qualified to study VedAnta, and can

(and ought to) only study PM, which is considered a stepping stone to

studying VedAnta.

4. How does PM fit into the practical aspect of advaita VedAnta?

The goal of the Vedas is Self-realization. This can be achieved only by

a study of VedAnta, which demands pre-requisites of the student, which

are: viveka  (discrimination - between the permanent and transient),

vairAgya (dispassion - to objects that are transient), shhaT-sampat

(six virtues, which are - shama (calmness), dama (Self-restraint),

uparati (Self-withdrawal), titikshA (forbearance), shraddhA (Conviction - in the way), samAdhAna (self-settledness)), and mumukshutva (Yearning for Liberation). If one does not possess the pre-requisites, then one is ineligible to study VedAnta (such study will not lead to Self-realization), and ought to practice dharma in order to develop therefore said qualities. The practice of dharma is aided by a thorough study of dharma, which forms the subject matter of PM.

5. What are the texts, and who are the proponents of PM?

The primary text of PM is Jaimini's "pUrva mImAmsA sUtra" (JPMS). Along with BAdarAyaNa's "Brahma sUtra", the two books constitute the first exegeses of the Vedas - of the karma kANDa and GYAna kANDa portions respectively. Jaimini and BAdarAyaNa were undoubtedly contemporaries, as revealed by the fact that JPMS 1.1.5 refers to BAdarAyaNa while Brahma sUtra 1.3.31 refers to Jaimini. Tradition believes that Jaimini was a disciple of BAdarAyaNa.

The authoritative commentary on JPMS is by ShabarasvAmin, on which two

sub-commentaries exist by PrabhAkara and KumArila BhaTTa.

The school branches out in this manner:

Jaimini (founder)

|

|-->ShabarasvAmin

|

|-->PrabhAkara

|

|-->KumArila BhaTTa (key proponent)

|

|-->Sucharita Mishra

|

|-->PArthasArathi Mishra

|

|-->Someshvara BhaTTa

The most important and key proponent of PM is traditionally considered

to be KumArila BhaTTa, whose vArttika consists of three parts:

(1) shlokavArttika (1.1 of Jaimini), which gives the fundamentals of

dharma - what it is and how it can be known, what the differences are

between PM and the other schools, various PM theories on Self, world,

etc. I will be using this extensively.

(2) tantravArttika (1.2 - 3.8 of Jaimini) deals heavily with arguments

against the Buddhists in defense of the Vedas, questioning modes of

conduct such as wine-drinking, when and where to perform a Vedic rite,

etc. I will only make peripheral use of this text.

(3) tuptikA (remaining chapters 4-12 of Jaimini), which is "very

advanced" vaidika dharma, such as the relationship between

mantra-deity-yaGYa, how a particular Vedic rite (such as the ashvamedha yaGYa) should be performed, etc.

ಬೆಳಗು

ಬೆಳಗಾಗಿ ನಾನೆದ್ದು......
-ಜಾನಪದ

ಕೂಸು ಇದ್ದ ಮನಿಗೆ ಬೀಸಣಿಕೆ ಯಾತಕ
ಕೂಸು ಕಂದಮ್ಮ ಒಳ-ಹೊರಗ
ಕೂಸು ಕಂದಮ್ಮ ಒಳ-ಹೊರಗ ಆಡಿದರ
ಬೀಸಣಿಕೆ ಗಾಳಿ ಸುಳಿದಾವ

ಬೆಳಗಾಗಿ ನೆನೆದ್ದು ಯಾರ್ ಯಾರ ನೆನೆಯಾಲಿ
ಎಳ್ಳು ಜೀರಿಗೆ ಬೆಳಿಯೋ ಭೂಮಿತಾಯಿ
ಎದ್ದೊಂದು ಗಳಿಗೆ ನೆನೆದೇನು

ತೊಟ್ಟಿಲ ಹೊತ್ಕೊಂಡು ತವರ್ಬಣ್ಣ ಉಟ್ಕೊಂಡು
ಅಪ್ಪ ಕೊಟ್ಟೆಮ್ಮೆ ಹೊಡ್ಕೊಂಡು! ತೌರೂರ
ತಿಟ್ಟಹತ್ತಿ ತಿರುಗಿ ನೋಡ್ಯಾಳೋ

ಹೆಣ್ಣುಮಕ್ಕಳ ಕಳುಹಿ ಹೆಂಗಿದಿ ನನ ಹಡೆದವ್ವಾ
ಹನ್ನೆರಡಂಕನ ಪಡೆಸಾಲಿ
ಹನ್ನೆರಡು ಅಂಕನ ಪಡಸಾಲಿ ಒಳ ಹೊರಗ
ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಉಲವಿಲ್ಲ

ಆಡಿ ಬಾ ನನ ಕಂದ
ಅಂಗಾಲ ತೊಳದೇನ
ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ ತಿಳಿ ನೀರು
ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ ತಿಳಿ ನೀರ ತಕ್ಕೊಂಡು
ಕಂದಮ್ನ ಪಾದ ತೊಳದೇನ...

ಬೆಳಗಾಗಿ ನಾನೆದ್ದು ಯಾರ್ ಯಾರ ನೆನೆಯಾಲಿ
ಎಳ್ಳು ಜೀರಿಗೆ ಬೆಳಿಯೋ ಭೂಮಿತಾಯಿ
ಎದ್ದೊಂದು ಗಳಿಗೆ ನೆನೆದೇನು

ಮಣ್ಣಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟೋಳೆ ಮಣ್ಣಾಲಿ ಬೆಳೆವೋಳೆ
ಎಣ್ಣೇಲಿ ಕಣ್ಣಾ ಬಿಡುವೋಳೆ ಜಗಜ್ಯೋತಿ
ಸತ್ಯಾದಿಂದುರಿಯೆ ನಮಗಾಗಿ

ಕಲ್ಲು ಕೊಟ್ಟವ್ವಾಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಭಾಗ್ಯವು ಬರಲಿ
ಪಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಗ ಬರಲಿ ಆ ಮನೆಗೆ
ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಮುಡಿಯೊ ಸೊಸೆ ಬರಲಿ

ಕಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ಮಾತಾಯಿ ಮೆಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ ರಾಗೀಯ
ಜಲ್ಲ ಜಲ್ಲನೆ ಉದುರಮ್ಮ ನಾನಿನಗೆ
ಬೆಲ್ಲದಾರತಿಯಾ ಬೆಳಗೇನಾ

ಬೆಳಗಾಗಿ ನಾನೆದ್ದು ಯಾರ್ಯಾರ ನೆನೆಯಾಲಿ
ಕಲ್ಲು ಕಾವೇರಿ ಕಪನೀಯಾ ನೆನೆದರೆ
ಹೊತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಪಾಪ ಪರಿಹಾರ

ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಂಪದ Kannada Sampada

Ad & Disad of TV

THE ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES OF TELEVISION

In today modern world television is the most popular and recognized from of media and most homes in the western and developed worlds own one. That small (in some cases rather large) box sitting in your lounge is your connection to the outside world. It is an indispensable item and many of us cannot imagine life without it. As with everything there are advantages and disadvantages with the television. The main advantage is televisions ability to bring you news as it happens. A second advantage is the fact we are using more than one sense when viewing. The final advantage in this essay is the vast amount of information and documentaries available for viewing. However the first disadvantage is the amount of time spent watching television is often considered a waste of time. The second disadvantage is the fact that families may be in the same room but with the television on may not even acknowledge each other. The final disadvantage illustrated in this essay is that young children are often being exposed to sex scenes and scenes of violence.

Firstly, for many of us the television is our first or only source of news and current events. Most channels have news updates up to four times a day and current affairs programmes which take a deeper look at the news that has affected the world that day or week. Theses programmes are often family friendly and are sometimes the only form of media available or easy to understand for children or non-speakers of English. These news shows keep people up to date on the outside world it is possible to know everything that happened in a day without even going outside. However these news shows can try and monopolize people's opinions and be a bias to one political party or one side of a war.

Secondly, what many of us do not realise is that we use at least two senses to enjoy television. We use our eyes to watch the television screen and the visual on the screen. We also use our ears or hearing to listen to the dialogue and noises on the screen. Compared to other forms of media which usually involve only one sense e.g. the radio only requires the hearing sense and a book only requires sight. Even though the television lets us see and hear things it can cause eyesight problems and many people turn there televisions up which can cause hearing problems.

Think it...

The final advantage is the vast amount of educational programming available for viewing particularly on channels like the discovery channel and national geographic which can educate and stimulate people and wet every audience member's appetite. It is also the fastest way to improve your knowledge and help you learn something completely new. Where else can you learn about Marylyn Monroe and Winston Churchill in the same afternoon? Many people who cannot afford university or night courses or simply just want a basic knowledge of one particular subject or event. Use documentaries to quench their thirst for learning.

The first disadvantage is that many people do not realise how much time they spend watching television if you spend one hour a day watching television. That is 365 hours a year and 3607 hours in ten years. You can only imagine what you could do with that time, it is possible to learn a language or do a university course. Many value their television shows over exercise or physical activity which can lead to obesity and 'couch potato'. Many people also feel the desire to watch a favourite television show every day or every week and neglect social commitments and therefore becoming anti-social.

A second disadvantage is that many people neglect their families so they can watch television. A family may be in the same room but would not say a word to each other or acknowledge each other. Many families now also eat dinner in front of the television which means normal dinner table conversation is lost. Most large families also have multiple televisions so that each member can watch the programme they would like to watch this means that some families may spend less than an hour in each others company before going to bed.

A final disadvantage of watching television is the violence and sex scenes that young children are often exposed too. Many of us find shows with crime or violence entertaining but these are not suitable for children of young ages. These scenes are practically common on crime dramas. Children may not intentionally be being exposed but by simply being in or near the same room as an older child or adult watching the programme. With children being exposed to these scenes it can corrupt there innocent minds leading them in some extreme cases become violent to other children. It can also lead to more permanent problems such as violence or evil thoughts well into adulthood. Fortunately this can be easily avoided or reversed by not allowing young children to view these programmes by placing them in a different room from the television or sending them to bed.

In conclusion television is perhaps the world's greatest invention though it is possible it will one day be replaced by something resembling a computer it is still indispensable in todays modern world. Television however has advantages and disadvantages as illustrated in this essay. It can be an educational, multi-sensory communication devise that takes up our time to exercise or our family time it can also have scenes that corrupt young minds. As Winston Churchill once said 'the best things are either immoral or bad for you' television is best in moderation. So next time you're bored don't turn on the television go out and play some sport.

Pashya-papu!